Bogie and incandescent light bulb: what they have in common

1. Step 1. Bogie — is part of — Electric locomotive. Bogies.
2. Step 2. Electric locomotive — has part — IGBT. Traction converters.
3. Step 3. IGBT — is part of — Inverter. The power switches of inverters.
4. Step 4. Inverter — works like — Rectifier. Inverse converters: alternating ↔ direct current.
5. Step 5. Rectifier — is part of — LED lamp. The driver in the base rectifies mains current and limits the LED current; in an ordinary bulb it has no transformer.
6. Step 6. LED lamp — evolved from — Incandescent light bulb. It replaced incandescent bulbs.

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