Heart–lung machine and needle: what they have in common

1. Step 1. Heart–lung machine — evolved into — Artificial heart. Experience with cardiopulmonary bypass.
2. Step 2. Artificial heart — has part — Piston pump. A pulsatile pump.
3. Step 3. Piston pump — works like — Syringe. A syringe is a hand-operated piston pump.
4. Step 4. Syringe — has part — Needle. A hollow needle.

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