Statistical quality control and payment card: what they have in common

1. Step 1. Statistical quality control — uses — Statistics. Statistics.
2. Step 2. Statistics — uses — Hollerith tabulator. Processing censuses.
3. Step 3. Hollerith tabulator — evolved into — Mainframe. IBM grew out of Hollerith’s company.
4. Step 4. Mainframe — has part — Integrated circuit. The hybrid circuits of the System/360.
5. Step 5. Integrated circuit — is part of — Payment card. An EMV chip.

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