Sonar and GPS (satellite navigation): what they have in common

1. Step 1. Sonar — uses — Piezoelectric effect. Langevin’s transducer is piezoelectric quartz.
2. Step 2. Piezoelectric effect — is used in — Quartz clock. The quartz resonator vibrates thanks to the piezoelectric effect.
3. Step 3. Quartz clock — evolved into — Atomic clock. The quartz oscillator is tuned to an atomic standard.
4. Step 4. Atomic clock — is used in — GPS (satellite navigation). The satellites carry atomic clocks; the position is calculated from signal arrival times.

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