Book spine and tunnelling shield: what they have in common

1. Step 1. Book spine — is part of — Codex (book). Sewing the signatures together.
2. Step 2. Codex (book) — is made of — Paper. Later ones were made of paper.
3. Step 3. Paper — uses — Paper machine. Industrial production.
4. Step 4. Paper machine — works like — Conveyor belt. Fourdrinier’s endless wire mesh moves like a conveyor belt, forming the web of paper.
5. Step 5. Conveyor belt — is part of — Tunnel boring machine. Spoil is removed by a conveyor.
6. Step 6. Tunnel boring machine — evolved from — Tunnelling shield. A development of the tunnelling shield.

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