18th-century inventions
115 inventos y descubrimientos: año, qué es, de qué evolucionó y a qué llevó.
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1701 | Sembradora | Tull’s mechanical seed drill. | ||
| 1703 | Sistema binario | Numbers made of zeros and ones (Leibniz). | Numerales arábigos | |
| 1709 | Coque | Baked coal; Darby used it to smelt iron. | ||
| 1711 | Diapasón John Shore | A standard of sound frequency (Shore). | ||
| 1712 | Caldera | A vessel in which water turns into steam under pressure. | ||
| 1712 | Máquina de Newcomen Thomas Newcomen | The first practical atmospheric steam engine, for pumping water out of mines. | Olla a presión | Máquina de vapor de Watt |
| 1712 | Planetario mecánico | A mechanical model of the Solar System. | Planetario | |
| 1714 | Termómetro Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, Hero of Alexandria | An instrument for measuring temperature (Fahrenheit, mercury). | ||
| 1718 | Torniquete | A means of stopping bleeding (Petit; Esmarch’s tourniquet). | ||
| 1725 | Control por programa Herman Hollerith, Charles Babbage | A machine’s sequence of actions is set by a replaceable medium — punched tape, punched cards, a program in memory. | ||
| 1725 | Tarjeta perforada Herman Hollerith, Charles Babbage | A card in which information is encoded by the presence or absence of holes. | ||
| 1725 | Telar de Bouchon | Basile Bouchon’s loom, controlled by a perforated paper tape. | Cilindro con púas | Telar Jacquard |
| 1727 | Haluro de plata | A light-sensitive silver compound. | ||
| 1727 | Reacción fotoquímica | A chemical change caused by light. | ||
| 1729 | Conducción eléctrica | A substance’s ability to conduct current (Gray). | ||
| 1731 | Sextante John Bird, Abu-Mahmud Khujandi | An instrument for measuring the altitude of celestial bodies. | Octante | |
| 1731 | Octante John Hadley, Thomas Godfrey | Hadley’s reflecting angle gauge — the forerunner of the sextant. | Cuadrante de Davis | Sextante |
| 1732 | Tubo de Pitot Henri Pitot | A sensor of flow speed from pressure. | ||
| 1733 | Lanzadera volante John Kay | Kay’s shuttle that sped up weaving. | ||
| 1735 | Cobalto Georg Brandt | A metal in the cathodes of lithium-ion batteries. | ||
| 1736 | Teoría de grafos Leonhard Euler | The mathematics of vertices and edges; the Königsberg bridge problem (Euler). | ||
| 1738 | Sustentación | The force created when air flows around a wing. | ||
| 1738 | Efecto Venturi | A flow’s pressure drops where its speed rises. | ||
| 1738 | Autómata | A mechanical figure that performs set movements; Vaucanson’s automata. | Telar Jacquard | |
| 1745 | Condensador Ewald Georg von Kleist, Питер ван Мушенбрук | Stores electric charge. | Botella de Leyden | |
| 1745 | Capacitancia | The ability of conductors to store charge; the capacitor is based on it. | ||
| 1745 | Botella de Leyden Ewald Georg von Kleist | The first capacitor. | Condensador | |
| 1746 | Zinc | A metal for brass, batteries and galvanizing. | ||
| 1748 | Platino Julius Caesar Scaliger, Antonio de Ulloa | A precious metal — a catalyst. | ||
| 1751 | Níquel Axel Fredrik Cronstedt | A metal for alloys and batteries. | ||
| 1751 | Enciclopedia | A systematic compendium of knowledge (Diderot’s Encyclopédie). | Wikipedia | |
| 1752 | Pararrayos Benjamin Franklin | Leads lightning into the ground (Franklin). | ||
| 1759 | Lámina bimetálica | Two strips of metal that bend when heated (Harrison). | ||
| 1760 | Ficha | A card for systematizing information (Linnaeus). | ||
| 1760 | Fotómetro | A light meter. | ||
| 1760 | Patines de ruedas John Joseph Merlin | Shoes on wheels. | Patines de hielo | |
| 1760 | Revolución Industrial | The shift to machine production. | ||
| 1761 | Calor latente | Heat is absorbed during evaporation and released during condensation (Black). | ||
| 1761 | Cronómetro marino John Harrison | Harrison’s precise clock for finding longitude. | Reloj de bolsillo | |
| 1764 | Hiladora Jenny James Hargreaves | Hargreaves’s multi-spindle spinning frame. | Rueca | Mula hiladora |
| 1765 | Condensador separado | Watt’s invention: steam condenses outside the cylinder, greatly raising efficiency. | ||
| 1766 | Hidrógeno Henry Cavendish, Mikhail Lomonosov | A light gas; it filled airships and fuels rockets. | ||
| 1766 | Rompecabezas John Spilsbury | A picture made of pieces (Spilsbury). | ||
| 1767 | Vía férrea | A track of rails on sleepers. | Tramvía de tracción animal | Husos horarios |
| 1767 | Ducha François Merry Delabost | Water supplied from above. | ||
| 1767 | Agua carbonatada | Water charged with CO₂ (Priestley). | ||
| 1769 | Máquina de vapor de Watt | A steam engine with a separate condenser — the prime mover of the Industrial Revolution. | Bomba de pistón, Máquina de Newcomen | Motor de combustión interna, Tractor, Termodinámica, Turbina de vapor |
| 1769 | Hiladora hidráulica de Arkwright | A spinning machine driven by a water wheel. | Mula hiladora | |
| 1769 | Carruaje a vapor | Cugnot’s steam wagon — the first self-propelled vehicle. | Automóvil | |
| 1770 | Goma de borrar | Rubber for erasing graphite (Priestley, Nairne). | ||
| 1770 | Balanza de cocina | Scales for food. | ||
| 1770 | Dinamómetro | Scales based on the stretch of a spring. | ||
| 1771 | Condensador de Liebig | A water-cooled tube for condensing vapour. | ||
| 1771 | Fábrica | Production with machines under one roof (Cromford). | ||
| 1772 | Nitrógeno Daniel Rutherford | The main gas of the atmosphere. | ||
| 1774 | Oxígeno Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley | The gas that supports combustion (Priestley, Scheele). | ||
| 1774 | Amoníaco Joseph Priestley | The basis of nitrogen fertilizers and a refrigerant. | ||
| 1774 | Cloro Carl Wilhelm Scheele | A gas for disinfecting water and making PVC. | ||
| 1775 | Sifón | A bent pipe holding water that blocks odours. | ||
| 1777 | Balanza de torsión | Measuring tiny forces (Coulomb, Cavendish). | ||
| 1777 | Oxidación | A reaction with oxygen or a loss of electrons (Lavoisier). | ||
| 1778 | Samovar | A vessel for boiling water with an internal firebox. | ||
| 1779 | Mula hiladora Samuel Crompton | Crompton’s spinning machine. | Hiladora Jenny, Hiladora hidráulica de Arkwright | |
| 1779 | Fotosíntesis | Plants turn light into chemical energy (Ingenhousz). | ||
| 1780 | Cepillo de dientes | A brush for cleaning teeth. | Cepillo de dientes eléctrico | |
| 1781 | Engranaje planetario | Planet gears around a central sun gear; Watt used a “sun and planet” gear. | ||
| 1783 | Tungsteno Juan José Elhuyar, Fausto Elhuyar | The most refractory metal; lamp filaments. | ||
| 1783 | Paracaídas | A canopy that slows a fall; the knapsack parachute is Kotelnikov’s, 1911. | Parapente | |
| 1783 | Globo aerostático | The Montgolfier brothers’ balloon. | Dirigible | |
| 1784 | Hierro forjado | Low-carbon iron (Cort). | ||
| 1784 | Pudelado Henry Cort, Samuel Baldwin Rogers | Converting pig iron into wrought iron in a reverberatory furnace. | ||
| 1785 | Elevador de cangilones | Buckets on a belt or chain lift bulk goods (Evans). | ||
| 1785 | Red de difracción | Splitting light into a spectrum with fine lines (Fraunhofer). | ||
| 1785 | Telar mecánico | Cartwright’s mechanically driven loom. | Telar | |
| 1785 | Ley de Coulomb Charles-Augustin de Coulomb | The force between charges; the torsion balance. | ||
| 1786 | Trilladora | A machine for threshing grain (Meikle). | Molinillo de mano, Mayal | Cosechadora |
| 1787 | Despertador | A clock with a signal (Hutchins). | Smartphone | |
| 1788 | Control por retroalimentación | A controller compares the result with the goal and corrects the process. | ||
| 1788 | Regulador centrífugo James Watt | A speed regulator with spinning weights; used by Watt. | Control de crucero | |
| 1789 | Uranio Эжен Пелиго, Martin Heinrich Klaproth | A heavy metal — nuclear fuel. | ||
| 1789 | Rueda con pestaña | A wheel with a rim that keeps it on the rail. | ||
| 1789 | Lejía | Hypochlorite (eau de Javel, Berthollet). | ||
| 1790 | Portaminas Sampson Mordan, John Isaac Hawkins | A pencil with a retractable lead (late 18th century; Hawkins and Mordan’s patent, 1822). | Lápiz | |
| 1791 | Catálogo de biblioteca | A card catalogue (France). | Base de datos | |
| 1791 | Sosa | A raw material for glass and soap (the Leblanc and Solvay processes). | ||
| 1791 | Bureta | A graduated tube for titration. | ||
| 1792 | Telégrafo óptico | Chappe’s semaphore line. | Telégrafo eléctrico, Semáforo ferroviario | |
| 1793 | Desmotadora de algodón Eli Whitney | Whitney’s machine that separates cotton fibre from the seeds. | ||
| 1794 | Tierras raras | A group of elements for magnets, phosphors and catalysts. | ||
| 1795 | Cilindro hidráulico | A piston in a cylinder moved by pressurized liquid. | ||
| 1795 | Cinta transportadora | An endless belt on rollers for moving goods. | ||
| 1795 | Prensa hidráulica | Bramah’s press: a small force on a small piston gives a large one on a large piston. | ||
| 1795 | Sacacorchos | A spiral screw for corks. | ||
| 1795 | Sistema métrico | A decimal system of measures (France). | ||
| 1796 | Vacuna Edward Jenner | Preventing a disease with a weakened pathogen (Jenner). | ||
| 1796 | Bicicleta estática | A stationary bicycle. | ||
| 1796 | Caja de música | A pinned cylinder plucks a comb and plays a tune. | ||
| 1796 | Litografía | Printing from a flat stone (Senefelder). | Impresión offset | |
| 1796 | Vacuna contra la viruela Edward Jenner | Vaccination with cowpox (Jenner). | ||
| 1797 | Extrusión | Pushing material through a die (Bramah). | ||
| 1797 | Cromo Louis Nicolas Vauquelin | A metal that makes steel resistant to corrosion. | ||
| 1799 | Máquina papelera | Continuous paper production (Robert, Fourdrinier). | ||
| 1800 | Reacción electroquímica | A chemical reaction in which electrons flow through an external circuit — the basis of batteries. | ||
| 1800 | Piezas intercambiables | Parts of one type are identical and fit any product. | ||
| 1800 | Pila voltaica | The first chemical source of direct current. | Batería de plomo-ácido, Pila seca, Electrólisis | |
| 1800 | Radiación infrarroja William Herschel | Invisible heat radiation (Herschel). | ||
| 1800 | Electrólisis | Decomposing a substance with an electric current (Nicholson, Carlisle). | Pila voltaica | |
| 1800 | Husillo | A screw that moves a machine’s carriage precisely. | ||
| 1800 | Planta química | Industrial synthesis of substances. | ||
| 1800 | Durmiente | A crosspiece that holds the rails. | ||
| 1800 | Corriente continua | A current flowing in one direction. | ||
| 1800 | Ventilación de minas | Airing the workings. | ||
| 1800 | Eje montado | Two wheels rigidly fixed to an axle. | ||
| 1800 | Torno de roscar | A lathe with a lead screw (Maudslay) for cutting precise threads. | Torno | |
| 1800 | Tubo de ensayo | A glass tube for experiments. |