History of aviation and spaceflight
80 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
Cómo se conectan los inventos
- Cometa → Planeador → Avión → Avión a reacción
- Cohete V-2 → Cohete R-7 → Soyuz
- Autogiro → Helicóptero → Tiltrotor
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500 a. C. | Cometa | A tethered surface lifted by the wind. | Planeador, Estructura espacial | |
| 1232 | Cohete | A vehicle driven by jet thrust; gunpowder rockets came from China. | Fuegos artificiales | Motor cohete de propelente líquido, Motor cohete sólido, Misil guiado |
| 1732 | Tubo de Pitot Henri Pitot | A sensor of flow speed from pressure. | ||
| 1783 | Paracaídas | A canopy that slows a fall; the knapsack parachute is Kotelnikov’s, 1911. | Parapente | |
| 1783 | Globo aerostático | The Montgolfier brothers’ balloon. | Dirigible | |
| 1852 | Dirigible | A steerable powered balloon (Giffard, Zeppelin). | Globo aerostático | |
| 1871 | Túnel de viento | A facility for blowing air over models (Wenham; TsAGI). | ||
| 1888 | Tobera de Laval | A converging–diverging nozzle that accelerates gas to supersonic speed. | Turbina de vapor | |
| 1891 | Ala | A surface that generates lift. | ||
| 1891 | Planeador | An unpowered aircraft (Lilienthal). | Cometa | Avión |
| 1899 | Alabeo de alas Wright brothers | The Wrights’ way to control roll by twisting the wing. | Alerón | |
| 1900 | Dirigible no rígido | An airship without a rigid frame. | ||
| 1903 | Avión | A powered heavier-than-air aircraft; the Wright brothers’ Flyer. | Planeador | Avión a reacción |
| 1903 | Wright Flyer | The first controlled powered aeroplane flight. | Bicicleta | |
| 1903 | Tren de aterrizaje | An aircraft’s supports for takeoff and landing. | ||
| 1903 | Biplano | An aircraft with two wings, one above the other. | ||
| 1908 | Alerón | A movable part of the wing for roll control. | Alabeo de alas | |
| 1909 | Aeropuerto | A complex for receiving aircraft. | ||
| 1910 | Hidroavión | An aircraft that takes off from water. | ||
| 1910 | Cabina de mando | The crew’s place with the instruments. | ||
| 1911 | Plato oscilante | A mechanism that changes the pitch of the blades (Yuriev). | ||
| 1912 | Piloto automático | Automatic control of an aircraft (Sperry, gyroscope-based). | ||
| 1914 | Flaps | Extendable surfaces that increase lift. | ||
| 1920 | Tren de aterrizaje retráctil | Landing gear that folds away in flight. | ||
| 1923 | Autogiro | A craft with an autorotating rotor (de la Cierva). | Helicóptero | |
| 1926 | Motor cohete de propelente líquido | An engine on liquid fuel and oxidizer (Goddard; Tsiolkovsky’s idea). | Cohete | |
| 1928 | Altímetro | A barometric height instrument (Kollsman). | Barómetro | |
| 1929 | Horizonte artificial | A gyroscopic indicator of the aircraft’s attitude. | ||
| 1929 | Simulador de vuelo | Link’s trainer for teaching pilots. | ||
| 1929 | Control del tráfico aéreo | Controlling flights from the ground. | ||
| 1938 | Cabina presurizada | A cabin that keeps its pressure (Boeing 307). | ||
| 1939 | Motor turborreactor | An engine that produces thrust with a jet (Whittle, von Ohain). | ||
| 1939 | Helicóptero | An aircraft with a main rotor (Sikorsky). | Autogiro | Tiltrotor |
| 1939 | Rotor principal | A helicopter’s rotating wing. | ||
| 1942 | Cohete V-2 | The first long-range ballistic missile. | Cohete R-7, Saturn V | |
| 1942 | Motor cohete sólido | An engine running on solid propellant. | Cohete | |
| 1943 | Postquemador | Burning extra fuel behind the turbine. | ||
| 1945 | Turbohélice | A gas turbine that turns a propeller. | ||
| 1945 | Avión de carga | A transport aircraft. | ||
| 1949 | Estatorreactor | An engine without a compressor — the oncoming air does the compressing. | ||
| 1949 | Avión a reacción | A passenger aircraft with jet engines (Comet, Tu-104). | Avión | |
| 1953 | Caja negra | The “black box” (Warren). | ||
| 1957 | Cohete multietapa | A rocket that drops its spent stages (R-7). | Cohete reutilizable | |
| 1957 | Cohete R-7 | Korolev’s Soviet rocket that launched the first satellite and Gagarin. | Cohete V-2 | Soyuz |
| 1957 | Satélite artificial | A spacecraft in orbit around the Earth. | ||
| 1957 | Plataforma de lanzamiento | A structure for launching rockets. | ||
| 1957 | Sputnik 1 | The first artificial Earth satellite. | ||
| 1957 | Basura espacial | Defunct objects in orbit. | ||
| 1958 | Mando por cable eléctrico | The control surfaces move on signals from a computer. | ||
| 1958 | Escudo térmico | Protects a spacecraft from heating on atmospheric entry. | ||
| 1959 | Pasarela de embarque | A movable passageway for boarding passengers. | ||
| 1959 | Sonda espacial | Luna 1, the Voyagers. | ||
| 1960 | Satélite meteorológico | A satellite for observing the weather (TIROS-1). | ||
| 1960 | Turbofán | A jet engine with a large fan. | ||
| 1961 | Traje espacial | A suit for space (SK-1). | Traje de buceo | |
| 1961 | Vostok 1 | The spacecraft of the first human spaceflight (Gagarin). | ||
| 1962 | Satélite de comunicaciones | A relay in orbit; Clarke proposed the geostationary orbit. | ||
| 1963 | Ala delta | A light glider with a flexible wing (Rogallo). | ||
| 1964 | Motor iónico | An engine that accelerates ions with an electric field. | ||
| 1966 | Rueda de reacción | A flywheel for turning a satellite. | ||
| 1966 | Acoplamiento espacial | Joining spacecraft in orbit. | ||
| 1966 | Ekranoplan | A craft that flies over water on ground effect (Alekseyev). | ||
| 1967 | Saturn V | The super-heavy rocket of the Apollo programme. | Cohete V-2 | |
| 1967 | Soyuz | A crewed spacecraft and launch vehicle. | Cohete R-7 | |
| 1968 | Avión supersónico | The Tu-144 and Concorde. | ||
| 1969 | Módulo lunar | The Apollo lander. | ||
| 1970 | Lunojod | A self-propelled vehicle on the Moon (Lunokhod 1). | Rover marciano | |
| 1970 | Seguidor estelar | A camera that finds orientation from the stars. | ||
| 1971 | Estación espacial | A long-term crewed station (Salyut 1, the ISS). | ||
| 1978 | GPS | Finding a position from satellite signals. | Mapa, Radionavegación | |
| 1981 | Space Shuttle | A reusable orbital spacecraft. | ||
| 1982 | GLONASS | Russian satellite navigation. | ||
| 1985 | Parapente | A parachute wing. | Paracaídas | |
| 1989 | Tiltrotor | A craft with tilting rotors (V-22). | Helicóptero | |
| 1990 | Telescopio espacial | A telescope in orbit (Hubble). | ||
| 1997 | Rover marciano | A rover on Mars (Sojourner, Curiosity). | Lunojod | |
| 1998 | Estación Espacial Internacional | A modular orbital station. | ||
| 2003 | CubeSat Jordi Puig-Suari, Bob Twiggs | A small satellite in a 10 cm format. | ||
| 2010 | Dron | An uncrewed aircraft with four propellers and stabilizing electronics. | ||
| 2015 | Cohete reutilizable | A rocket with a returning first stage (Falcon 9). | Cohete multietapa |