History of transport
215 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
Cómo se conectan los inventos
- Draisiana → Velocípedo Michaux → Velocípedo de rueda alta → Bicicleta de seguridad Rover → Bicicleta → Motocicleta → Moto con sidecar
- Trineo → Carro → Carruaje → Automóvil → Camión
- Odómetro → Taxímetro → Aplicación de transporte
- Barco de paletas → Barco de vapor → Transatlántico
- Carabela → Galeón → Clíper
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8000 a. C. | Remo | A lever for rowing. | ||
| 8000 a. C. | Bote | A small vessel propelled by oars. | Velero | |
| 8000 a. C. | Casco (barco) | The displacing shell of a ship. | ||
| 7000 a. C. | Trineo | A vehicle on runners. | Carro, Bobsleigh | |
| 6000 a. C. | Esquís | Runners for travelling over snow. | Snowboard | |
| 4000 a. C. | Raquetas de nieve | A wide support that spreads weight over snow. | ||
| 3500 a. C. | Carro | A wheeled vehicle drawn by animals. | Trineo | Carro de guerra, Carruaje |
| 3500 a. C. | Vela | A sheet of cloth that uses the force of the wind. | ||
| 3500 a. C. | Bocado y brida | Harness for controlling a horse. | ||
| 3000 a. C. | Velero | A ship driven by the wind. | Bote | |
| 3000 a. C. | Patines de hielo | A blade on a shoe for gliding on ice. | Patines de ruedas | |
| 2000 a. C. | Ancla | A weight with flukes for holding a ship in place. | ||
| 2000 a. C. | Rueda de radios | A lighter wheel that first appeared on chariots. | Rueda de bicicleta | |
| 2000 a. C. | Carro de guerra | A light two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle. | Carro | |
| 2000 a. C. | Kayak | A light paddle boat of the Arctic peoples. | ||
| 700 a. C. | Silla de montar | A seat for a rider. | Estribo | |
| 330 a. C. | Campana de buceo | A bell filled with air for working underwater. | Traje de buceo | |
| 15 a. C. | Odómetro | A distance counter; described by Vitruvius. | Taxímetro | |
| 100 | Timón de codaste | A rudder hung on the sternpost (China; Europe from the 12th century). | ||
| 100 | Timón | A pivoting plate for steering a ship. | ||
| 100 | Catamarán | A vessel with two hulls. | ||
| 200 | Vela latina | A triangular sail that lets a ship sail against the wind. | ||
| 300 | Estribo | A foot support for a rider. | Silla de montar | |
| 500 | Collera | A harness that let a horse pull heavy loads without choking. | ||
| 500 | Herradura | Iron protection for a hoof. | ||
| 800 | Quilla | The longitudinal beam of a ship’s bottom. | ||
| 1400 | Molinete de ancla | A ship’s winch for raising the anchor. | ||
| 1450 | Carabela | A light sailing ship of the Age of Discovery. | Galeón | |
| 1500 | Carruaje | A covered horse-drawn coach on springs. | Carro | Diligencia, Automóvil |
| 1550 | Galeón | A large multi-deck sailing ship. | Carabela | Clíper |
| 1550 | Tramvía de tracción animal | Mine roads with wooden rails. | Vía férrea | |
| 1574 | Corredera de barquilla | A device for measuring a ship’s speed (a log line with knots). | ||
| 1600 | Diligencia | A multi-seat horse-drawn coach. | Carruaje | |
| 1600 | Yate | A sailing or motor vessel for leisure. | ||
| 1760 | Patines de ruedas John Joseph Merlin | Shoes on wheels. | Patines de hielo | |
| 1767 | Vía férrea | A track of rails on sleepers. | Tramvía de tracción animal | Husos horarios |
| 1769 | Carruaje a vapor | Cugnot’s steam wagon — the first self-propelled vehicle. | Automóvil | |
| 1789 | Rueda con pestaña | A wheel with a rim that keeps it on the rail. | ||
| 1800 | Durmiente | A crosspiece that holds the rails. | ||
| 1800 | Eje montado | Two wheels rigidly fixed to an axle. | ||
| 1804 | Locomotora a vapor | A locomotive with a steam engine; the first was Trevithick’s. | Locomotora diésel | |
| 1804 | Ballesta (suspensión) | A stack of springy steel leaves; suspension of carriages and trucks. | Suspensión | |
| 1807 | Rueda de paletas | A wheel with blades that pushes a ship. | ||
| 1807 | Barco de paletas | A ship with a steam engine and paddle wheels (Fulton). | Barco de vapor | |
| 1817 | Manillar | A lever for steering the front wheel. | ||
| 1817 | Draisiana Karl Drais | A two-wheeled machine without pedals: the rider pushed off with their feet. The ancestor of the bicycle. | Bicicleta, Velocípedo Michaux | |
| 1817 | Remolcador | A vessel for towing. | ||
| 1827 | Diferencial | A gear that lets the wheels on one axle turn at different speeds. | ||
| 1829 | Rocket de Stephenson | Stephenson’s locomotive with a multi-tube boiler. | ||
| 1830 | Bogie | A pivoting frame with wheelsets. | ||
| 1830 | Enganche ferroviario | A device for joining railway cars; in Russia, the SA-3 automatic coupler. | ||
| 1832 | Cambio de agujas | A device for moving a train from one track to another. | ||
| 1836 | Hélice | A bladed screw that drives a ship or an aircraft. | Tornillo de Arquímedes | |
| 1837 | Traje de buceo | A suit with a copper helmet (Siebe). | Campana de buceo | Escafandra autónoma, Traje espacial |
| 1839 | Barco de vapor | A steamship with a propeller. | Barco de paletas | Transatlántico |
| 1841 | Semáforo ferroviario | A signal that allows or forbids movement. | Telégrafo óptico | Semáforo |
| 1845 | Clíper | A fast sailing ship with sharp lines. | Galeón | |
| 1850 | Tanque de lastre | A tank filled with water for diving. | ||
| 1850 | Transbordador | A vessel for carrying people and vehicles. | ||
| 1858 | Transatlántico | A large passenger ship. | Barco de vapor | |
| 1860 | Pedal | A foot rest at the end of a crank. | ||
| 1863 | Velocípedo Michaux | A bicycle with pedals on the front wheel (the “boneshaker”). | Draisiana | Bicitaxi, Triciclo, Velocípedo de rueda alta, Bicicleta |
| 1863 | Metro | An urban railway separated from the streets; the first was in London. | ||
| 1864 | Rompehielos | A ship for leading others through ice (Pilot, Yermak). | ||
| 1865 | Coche cama Theodore Tuttle Woodruff | A railway car with berths (Pullman). | ||
| 1866 | Teleférico | Cabins on a suspended cable. | ||
| 1868 | Semáforo J. P. Knight | A signal for controlling traffic (London; electric in 1912). | Semáforo ferroviario | |
| 1869 | Freno neumático George Westinghouse | Westinghouse’s brake worked by compressed air. | Sistema antibloqueo de frenos | |
| 1869 | Rueda libre Shozaburo Shimano | Lets the wheel turn while the pedals are still. | ||
| 1870 | Radio (rueda) | A tensioned rod that connects a wheel’s rim to its hub. | ||
| 1870 | Rueda de bicicleta | A light spoked wheel with a hub on bearings and a tyre. | Rueda de radios | |
| 1870 | Velocípedo de rueda alta Eugène Meyer | A bicycle with a huge front wheel and pedals on it. | Velocípedo Michaux | Bicicleta de seguridad Rover |
| 1872 | Circuito de vía William Robinson | An electric circuit through the rails that detects a train (Robinson). | ||
| 1872 | Señalización por bloqueo | The track is divided into blocks with automatic signals. | ||
| 1878 | Vagón frigorífico | A cooled railway car for perishable goods. | ||
| 1878 | Buque cisterna | A ship for liquid cargo (the Nobels’ Zoroaster). | ||
| 1879 | Locomotora eléctrica Robert Davidson | A locomotive with electric motors powered from overhead lines (Siemens). | ||
| 1879 | Funicular | A cable railway on rails up a steep slope. | ||
| 1880 | Pantógrafo | A linkage that collects current from the overhead wire. | ||
| 1880 | Embrague Carl Benz | A unit that connects and disconnects the engine and the transmission. | ||
| 1880 | Bicitaxi | A pedal-driven three-wheeled carriage. | Velocípedo Michaux | |
| 1880 | Triciclo Stephan Farffler | A three-wheeled bicycle or motorcycle. | Velocípedo Michaux | |
| 1881 | Coche eléctrico | A car driven by an electric motor powered by an on-board battery. Trouvé’s three-wheeled electric vehicle (1881) is older than Benz’s… | Coche autónomo | |
| 1881 | Tranvía | Electric rail transport in cities (Pirotsky, Siemens). | ||
| 1882 | Trolebús | Trackless electric transport powered from overhead wires. | ||
| 1885 | Bicicleta Karl Drais, Kirkpatrick Macmillan | A two-wheeled machine with a pedal-driven chain to the rear wheel; the modern layout is Starley’s “safety bicycle”. | Draisiana, Bicicleta de seguridad Rover, Velocípedo Michaux | Motocicleta, Bicicleta eléctrica, Wright Flyer, Ciclomotor |
| 1885 | Carburador | Mixes fuel with air before it enters the cylinders. | Inyección de combustible | |
| 1885 | Motocicleta | A two-wheeled machine with an internal combustion engine. | Bicicleta | Moto con sidecar |
| 1885 | Transmisión de bicicleta | Pedals, cranks, sprockets and chain: they transfer the force of the legs to the rear wheel. | ||
| 1885 | Bicicleta de seguridad Rover | Starley’s bicycle with a chain drive to the rear wheel. | Velocípedo de rueda alta | Bicicleta |
| 1885 | Cuadro de bicicleta | The load-bearing structure that ties together the wheels, drivetrain and saddle. | ||
| 1885 | Sobrealimentador | A compressor driven by the engine. | ||
| 1886 | Automóvil Ferdinand Verbiest | A self-propelled vehicle that needs no rails; Benz’s car is considered the first practical one. | Carruaje a vapor, Carruaje | Autobús, Camión, Carro blindado |
| 1886 | Chasis | A ladder frame on which the units are mounted. | Monocasco | |
| 1886 | Carrocería | A car’s load-bearing shell. | ||
| 1887 | Freno de bicicleta | Pads or a disc that slow the wheel by friction. | ||
| 1888 | Neumático | An inflatable rubber tyre; John Dunlop created the practical design for the bicycle. | ||
| 1888 | Velocímetro | A speed indicator (eddy-current type). | ||
| 1890 | Bicicleta plegable | A bicycle with a hinged frame. | ||
| 1891 | Taxímetro Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn | A device for calculating the fare (Bruhn). | Odómetro | Aplicación de transporte |
| 1894 | Transmisión | A set of gears that changes the ratio between engine and wheel speed. | ||
| 1894 | Volante | A wheel for steering a car. | ||
| 1894 | Caja de cambios manual | A stepped gearbox with manual shifting (Panhard et Levassor). | ||
| 1895 | Bicicleta eléctrica | A bicycle with an assisting electric motor. | Bicicleta | |
| 1895 | Autobús | A motor vehicle for carrying passengers. | Automóvil | |
| 1895 | Bicicleta reclinada | A bicycle with a reclining seat. | ||
| 1896 | Camión | A motor vehicle for carrying goods (Daimler). | Automóvil | Ambulancia, Vehículo anfibio |
| 1897 | Pastilla de freno Bertha Benz | A brake’s friction lining. | ||
| 1897 | Silenciador | Damps exhaust noise. | ||
| 1897 | Radiador | The heat exchanger of a cooling system. | ||
| 1897 | Carril bici | A dedicated lane for bicycles. | ||
| 1898 | Faro | A car’s lamp. | ||
| 1898 | Freno de contrapedal | A brake in the rear hub, applied by pedalling backwards. | ||
| 1900 | Suspensión | Springs and shock absorbers between the wheels and the body. | Ballesta (suspensión) | |
| 1900 | Patinete | Two wheels, a deck and handlebars; moves when you push off with a foot. | Patinete eléctrico | |
| 1900 | Tablero de instrumentos | The driver’s panel of gauges. | ||
| 1900 | Tracción a las cuatro ruedas | Drive to all wheels. | ||
| 1900 | Árbol de transmisión | A shaft that carries torque from the gearbox to the axle. | ||
| 1900 | Freno de mano | A mechanical brake with a lever. | ||
| 1901 | Amortiguador | Damps the oscillations of the suspension. | ||
| 1901 | Suspensión neumática | Suspension on air bags. | ||
| 1901 | Monorraíl | A train on a single beam (Wuppertal). | ||
| 1902 | Freno de automóvil | A disc or drum brake that sheds speed through friction. | ||
| 1902 | Bujía | Ignites the mixture with an electric spark (Bosch). | ||
| 1902 | Cambio interno | Hidden gears inside the wheel hub (Sturmey-Archer). | ||
| 1902 | Pinza de freno | A unit with pistons that presses the pads against the disc. | ||
| 1902 | Freno de tambor | Shoes press against the inside of a drum (Renault). | ||
| 1903 | Limpiaparabrisas Mary Anderson | A blade that clears the windscreen (Mary Anderson). | ||
| 1903 | Moto con sidecar | A motorcycle with a side car. | Motocicleta | |
| 1904 | Oruga | A closed loop of track links driven by a sprocket; spreads the vehicle’s weight. | ||
| 1904 | Tractor oruga Holt | An agricultural tractor on tracks built by the Holt company. | Tanque, Excavadora | |
| 1904 | Rueda de carretera | A wheel that rolls along the inside of a track. | ||
| 1904 | Camión de bomberos | A vehicle with a pump and a ladder. | Bomba contra incendios | |
| 1904 | Eslabón de oruga | A link of a track. | ||
| 1905 | Turbocompresor | A turbine driven by exhaust gases turns a compressor (Büchi). | ||
| 1905 | Convertidor de par Hermann Föttinger | A fluid coupling that multiplies torque (Föttinger). | ||
| 1905 | Desviador | A mechanism that moves the chain between sprockets. | ||
| 1906 | Hidroala | Foils lift the hull out of the water (Alekseyev’s Raketa). | ||
| 1906 | Muelle helicoidal | A helical spring in a car’s suspension. | ||
| 1907 | Motor fueraborda | A detachable motor with a propeller (Evinrude). | ||
| 1908 | Dibujo del neumático | The pattern on a tyre for grip. | ||
| 1910 | Coche deportivo | A light, fast car. | Coche de carreras | |
| 1910 | Bobina de encendido | A transformer that produces high voltage for the spark. | ||
| 1911 | Motor de arranque | An electric motor for starting a combustion engine (Kettering). | Manivela | |
| 1911 | Retrovisor | A mirror for seeing behind. | ||
| 1911 | Señalización vial | Lines on the road. | ||
| 1912 | Batería de automóvil | A lead–acid starter battery. | ||
| 1912 | Bulbo de proa | A bulge at the bow that reduces wave resistance. | ||
| 1918 | Freno hidráulico | A brake actuated by fluid (Lockheed). | ||
| 1922 | Monocasco | A body that is also the frame (Lancia Lambda). | Chasis | |
| 1924 | Locomotora diésel | A locomotive with a diesel engine and electric transmission. | Locomotora a vapor | |
| 1924 | Autopista | A high-speed road without crossings. | ||
| 1924 | Llanta de aleación | A wheel rim made of aluminium alloy. | ||
| 1925 | Inyección de combustible | Delivering fuel through injectors under pressure. | Carburador | |
| 1925 | Camioneta | A light truck with an open bed. | ||
| 1925 | Estabilizador de barcos | Gyroscopic or fin stabilizers against rolling. | ||
| 1925 | Intermitente | A light signal for a manoeuvre. | ||
| 1926 | Junta homocinética | A constant-velocity joint. | Junta universal | |
| 1928 | Sincronizador | Matches gear speeds during shifting. | ||
| 1928 | Intercambiador vial | A multi-level road junction (the “cloverleaf”). | ||
| 1930 | Intercambiador de calor | A cooler for the charge air. | ||
| 1934 | Telesilla | T-bar and chair lifts. | ||
| 1934 | Ojo de gato | A retroreflector set in the road surface (Shaw). | ||
| 1935 | Parquímetro Carl Magee | A device for paying for parking (Magee). | Máquina expendedora | |
| 1936 | Luz de bicicleta | A lamp powered by a dynamo driven by the wheel. | ||
| 1939 | Transmisión automática | A gearbox with a torque converter and planetary gear sets (Hydra-Matic). | ||
| 1946 | SUV | A civilian off-road vehicle (Willys Jeep Station Wagon). | Jeep militar | |
| 1946 | Escúter | A motorcycle with a step-through frame (Vespa). | ||
| 1946 | Neumático radial | A tyre with radial cords (Michelin X). | ||
| 1949 | Suspensión McPherson | A common layout of independent suspension. | ||
| 1950 | Propulsor de proa | A transverse propeller for manoeuvring. | ||
| 1950 | Skateboard | A board on four wheels. | ||
| 1950 | Ciclomotor | A light motorcycle with pedals. | Bicicleta | |
| 1950 | Coche de carreras | A car for competitions (Formula One). | Coche deportivo | |
| 1951 | Dirección asistida | Hydraulic or electric steering assistance. | ||
| 1952 | Zona de deformación | Parts of the body that absorb crash energy (Barényi). | ||
| 1954 | Propulsión por chorro de agua | Propulsion by a jet of water ejected by a pump. | ||
| 1954 | Radar de velocidad | A device for measuring the speed of cars. | ||
| 1956 | Contenedor de transporte | A standard steel box (McLean). | ||
| 1956 | Portacontenedores | A ship for standard containers. | ||
| 1958 | Transmisión variable continua | A stepless transmission with a belt and conical pulleys. | ||
| 1958 | Control de crucero Ralph Teetor | Holds the speed automatically. | Regulador centrífugo | |
| 1959 | Rompehielos nuclear | The icebreaker Lenin — the first nuclear-powered surface ship. | Reactor modular pequeño | |
| 1959 | Cinturón de seguridad | Volvo’s three-point belt (Nils Bohlin). | ||
| 1959 | Aerodeslizador Christopher Cockerell | Cockerell’s craft that floats above the surface. | ||
| 1959 | Buque metanero | A ship for LNG. | ||
| 1960 | Alternador | An AC generator with a rectifier. | ||
| 1964 | Tren de alta velocidad | A train running at 200+ km/h; the first was the Shinkansen. | ||
| 1965 | Bicicleta compartida | Public bicycles. | ||
| 1966 | Alerón trasero | An inverted wing that presses the car onto the road. | ||
| 1967 | Frenado regenerativo | When braking, the electric motor works as a generator and charges the battery. | ||
| 1968 | Unidad de control del motor | A microcomputer that controls the engine. | ||
| 1970 | Sensor de aparcamiento | Ultrasonic distance sensors. | ||
| 1972 | Moto acuática | A water motorcycle with a water jet. | ||
| 1973 | Airbag | An inflatable cushion that deploys in a crash. | ||
| 1974 | Autobús de tránsito rápido | Buses on dedicated lanes (Curitiba). | ||
| 1975 | Catalizador | Neutralizes exhaust gases catalytically. | ||
| 1977 | Bicicleta de montaña | A bicycle for rough terrain with wide tyres. | ||
| 1978 | Sistema antibloqueo de frenos | Keeps the wheels from locking up during braking. | Freno neumático | |
| 1984 | Maglev | A train on magnetic levitation. | Hyperloop | |
| 1986 | Bus CAN | A network of a car’s electronic units (Bosch). | ||
| 1987 | Coche compartido Nikita Khrushchev | Renting cars by the minute. | ||
| 1990 | Horquilla de suspensión | A front fork with a shock absorber. | ||
| 1990 | Navegador GPS | A navigator with a map and a GPS receiver. | Smartphone | |
| 1997 | Coche híbrido | A car with a combustion engine and an electric motor (Toyota Prius). | ||
| 2000 | Patinete eléctrico | A kick scooter with an electric motor and a battery. | Patinete | |
| 2001 | Segway Dean Kamen | A self-balancing two-wheeled vehicle. | Hoverboard | |
| 2008 | Batería de tracción | An electric car’s battery made of hundreds or thousands of lithium-ion cells. | ||
| 2009 | Coche autónomo | A car driven by a computer using sensor data. | Coche eléctrico | |
| 2009 | Aplicación de transporte | Ordering a car from a smartphone. | Taxímetro | |
| 2010 | Estación de carga | A device for charging an electric car. | ||
| 2010 | Monociclo eléctrico Trevor Blackwell | A self-balancing one-wheeled vehicle. | ||
| 2013 | Hoverboard Shane Chen | A self-balancing platform on two wheels. | Segway | |
| 2013 | Hyperloop Elon Musk | Capsules in a low-pressure tube. | Maglev, Correo neumático | |
| 2014 | Coche de hidrógeno | An electric car with a fuel cell (Toyota Mirai). |