History of communication
148 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
Cómo se conectan los inventos
- Telégrafo óptico → Telégrafo eléctrico → Fonógrafo → Gramófono → Disco de vinilo → Disco compacto
- Arpa → Guitarra → Guitarra eléctrica
- Televisor → Televisor de pantalla plana → Smart TV
- Televisión mecánica → Televisión → Televisión digital
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40000 a. C. | Flauta | A wind instrument; the oldest ones are made of bone. | ||
| 5500 a. C. | Tambor | A percussion instrument with a membrane. | ||
| 3200 a. C. | Escritura | Recording speech with signs. | Alfabeto, Braille | |
| 3200 a. C. | Escritura cuneiforme Sumerians | A script pressed into clay tablets. | ||
| 3000 a. C. | Arpa | A plucked instrument with stretched strings. | Guitarra | |
| 2000 a. C. | Campana | A cast ringing vessel. | ||
| 1800 a. C. | Alfabeto | A script in which each sign stands for a sound. | Escritura | |
| 550 a. C. | Servicio postal | A letter delivery service (the Yam relay, the Persian post). | Correo electrónico | |
| 250 a. C. | Órgano de tubos | A wind keyboard instrument; Ctesibius’s hydraulis. | ||
| 1025 | Notación musical | The staff (Guido of Arezzo). | ||
| 1400 | Clavecín | A plucked keyboard instrument. | Piano | |
| 1500 | Guitarra | A plucked string instrument. | Arpa | Guitarra eléctrica |
| 1500 | Xilófono | A percussion instrument with bars. | ||
| 1510 | Carillón | A set of bells with a keyboard. | ||
| 1550 | Violín | A bowed string instrument. | ||
| 1653 | Buzón | A box for letters. | ||
| 1659 | Linterna mágica | A projector of images from glass slides (Huygens). | Proyector de cine | |
| 1700 | Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori | A keyboard instrument with a hammer action (Cristofori). | Clavecín | |
| 1700 | Clarinete Johann Christoph Denner | A woodwind instrument with a reed (Denner). | Saxofón | |
| 1700 | Martillo de piano | A wooden hammer with a felt head: when a key is pressed it strikes the string and springs straight back. | ||
| 1792 | Telégrafo óptico | Chappe’s semaphore line. | Telégrafo eléctrico, Semáforo ferroviario | |
| 1814 | Trompeta de pistones Tyrrhenus | A brass instrument with valves (Stölzel). | ||
| 1815 | Metrónomo | A pendulum that beats time (Maelzel). | ||
| 1821 | Armónica | A free-reed instrument. | ||
| 1829 | Acordeón | A hand-held free-reed instrument with bellows. | ||
| 1834 | Zoótropo William George Horner | A spinning drum with pictures that creates the illusion of motion. | Cine | |
| 1837 | Telégrafo eléctrico | Sending messages as electrical signals over wires (Schilling, Cooke and Wheatstone, Morse). | Telégrafo óptico | Teléfono, Fonógrafo |
| 1838 | Código Morse Samuel Finley Breese Morse, Alfred Vail | Encoding letters with dots and dashes. | ||
| 1840 | Sello postal | The Penny Black (Hill). | ||
| 1840 | Saxofón Adolphe Sax | Sax’s instrument. | Clarinete | |
| 1843 | Fax | Transmitting images over wires (Bain; telefax in the 1960s). | ||
| 1853 | Correo neumático | Delivering capsules through pipes by air pressure. | Hyperloop | |
| 1858 | Cable transatlántico | An undersea telegraph cable between continents. | ||
| 1868 | Máquina de escribir Christopher Latham Sholes, Frank Haven Hall | Mechanical printing of letters with keys (Sholes and Glidden). | Línea de comandos | |
| 1873 | Disposición QWERTY Christopher Latham Sholes | A keyboard layout created for typewriters. | ||
| 1876 | Micrófono | Turns sound vibrations into an electrical signal. | ||
| 1876 | Teléfono Johann Philipp Reis, Elisha Gray | Transmitting the voice over wires. | Telégrafo eléctrico | Teléfono móvil, Videollamada, Audífono, VoIP |
| 1877 | Fonógrafo Thomas Edison | Recording and playing sound on a cylinder (Edison). | Telégrafo eléctrico | Gramófono |
| 1877 | Bocina | A flared mouth that amplifies sound. | ||
| 1878 | Central telefónica | Switching subscribers; manual, then automatic. | ||
| 1878 | Micrófono de carbón | The telephone microphone based on carbon granules (Hughes, Edison). | ||
| 1884 | Disco de Nipkow | A spinning disc with holes for scanning an image. | ||
| 1887 | Gramófono | Sound recording on a flat disc (Berliner). | Fonógrafo | Disco de vinilo |
| 1888 | Antena | Emits and receives radio waves. | ||
| 1888 | Antena parabólica | A parabolic reflector that focuses radio waves. | ||
| 1888 | Animación Émile Reynaud | The illusion of motion from drawn frames (Reynaud’s Théâtre Optique, 1888). | ||
| 1891 | Conmutador Strowger | Strowger’s automatic switch. | ||
| 1895 | Radio | Transmitting signals with electromagnetic waves (Popov, Marconi). | Teléfono móvil | |
| 1895 | Proyector de cine | Projects film frames onto a screen. | Linterna mágica | Proyector digital |
| 1895 | Pianola | A piano that plays from a perforated roll. | Organillo | |
| 1895 | Cinematógrafo | The Lumières’ camera-projector. | Máquina de coser | |
| 1895 | Cine | Showing moving images (the Lumière brothers). | Zoótropo | |
| 1904 | Disco de marcación | A dial that sends number pulses. | ||
| 1904 | Radio de galena | The simplest receiver, with a crystal detector. | ||
| 1910 | Auriculares Ernest Mercadier | Miniature loudspeakers at the ears. | Auriculares inalámbricos | |
| 1915 | Sistema de megafonía | Loudspeakers for an audience. | ||
| 1916 | Micrófono de condensador | A microphone based on changing capacitance (Wente). | ||
| 1920 | Theremin Leon Theremin | An electronic instrument played without touching it (Theremin). | Sintetizador | |
| 1920 | Radiodifusión | Transmitting programmes to a mass audience. | Podcast | |
| 1925 | Altavoz Edward Washburn Kellogg, Chester Williams Rice | Turns an electrical signal into sound: a coil in a magnetic field moves a diaphragm. | ||
| 1926 | Televisión mecánica John Logie Baird | Baird’s television using a Nipkow disk. | Televisión | |
| 1927 | Televisión Charles Francis Jenkins, Philo Farnsworth | Transmitting moving images over a distance (Farnsworth, Zworykin). | Televisión mecánica | Televisión digital |
| 1927 | Cine sonoro | Cinema with a synchronized soundtrack (The Jazz Singer). | ||
| 1928 | Televisor | A receiver of the television signal. | Televisor de pantalla plana | |
| 1930 | Autorradio | A radio receiver in a car (Motorola). | ||
| 1931 | Iconoscopio Vladimir K. Zworykin | A television camera tube (Zworykin). | ||
| 1931 | Guitarra eléctrica George Beauchamp | A guitar with electromagnetic pickups. | Guitarra | |
| 1931 | Pastilla (guitarra) | A magnet with a coil that turns string vibrations into a signal. | ||
| 1931 | Micrófono dinámico | A microphone with a coil in a magnetic field. | ||
| 1935 | Grabadora | Recording sound on magnetic tape (AEG Magnetophon). | Sampler | |
| 1937 | Walkie-talkie | A portable transceiver. | Teléfono móvil | |
| 1945 | Memex | Vannevar Bush’s hypothetical machine of linked documents. | Hipertexto | |
| 1948 | Disco de vinilo Emile Berliner | A long-playing record made of PVC. | Gramófono | Disco compacto |
| 1950 | Buscapersonas | A receiver of short messages. | ||
| 1950 | Amplificador hi-fi | A high-fidelity amplifier. | ||
| 1950 | Mesa de mezclas | Mixing audio signals. | ||
| 1953 | Televisión en color | The NTSC, SECAM and PAL standards. | ||
| 1954 | Radio de transistores | A pocket receiver (Regency TR-1). | ||
| 1956 | Grabadora de vídeo | Recording video on tape (Ampex; VHS in 1976). | DVD | |
| 1958 | Modem | Transmits data over a telephone line by modulating a signal. | ||
| 1962 | Televisión por satélite | Broadcasting through relay satellites (Telstar). | ||
| 1963 | Casete compacto Lou Ottens | The Philips cassette. | ||
| 1964 | Conmutación de paquetes | Data is split into packets that travel across the network independently. | ||
| 1964 | Sintetizador Robert Moog | An electronic instrument that generates sound (Moog). | Theremin | |
| 1964 | Subwoofer | A loudspeaker for low frequencies. | ||
| 1965 | Hipertexto | Text with links to other texts (Nelson). | Memex | |
| 1969 | Router | Forwards packets between networks; the IMP in ARPANET. | ||
| 1969 | ARPANET | The first large packet-switched network, linking university computers in the US. | Internet | |
| 1970 | Fibra óptica | A glass fibre that carries light (Kao). | ||
| 1971 | Karaoke Shigeichi Negishi | A machine for singing along to a backing track (Inoue). | ||
| 1971 | Correo electrónico Raymond Tomlinson | Exchanging messages over a network (Tomlinson). | Servicio postal | |
| 1971 | FTP | The file transfer protocol (Bhushan). | ||
| 1973 | Módulo de radio | The unit that sends and receives cellular, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth data. | ||
| 1973 | Teléfono móvil Martin Cooper | A telephone that connects to the network by radio. | Teléfono, Radio, Walkie-talkie | |
| 1973 | Ethernet Robert Metcalfe, David Boggs | A local area network technology (Metcalfe). | ||
| 1974 | TCP/IP | A suite of protocols for joining different networks into one. | ||
| 1978 | Cancelación activa de ruido | Cancelling noise with anti-phase sound (Bose). | ||
| 1978 | BBS | Electronic bulletin boards accessed by modem. | ||
| 1979 | Estación base | A cellular tower. | ||
| 1979 | Red celular | Covering an area with cells served by base stations. | ||
| 1979 | Walkman | Sony’s portable cassette player. | Reproductor MP3 | |
| 1979 | Sampler | An instrument that plays back recorded sounds (Fairlight). | Grabadora | |
| 1980 | Decodificador | A digital television decoder. | ||
| 1980 | Caja de ritmos | An electronic rhythm instrument (Roland TR-808). | ||
| 1980 | Usenet | Distributed newsgroups — the ancestor of forums. | ||
| 1981 | Dirección IP | The numerical address of a network node. | ||
| 1982 | Disco compacto Sony Group, Koninklijke Philips NV | Digital sound recording on an optical disc. | Disco de vinilo | |
| 1982 | SMTP | The mail transfer protocol. | ||
| 1983 | Internet Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn | A global network of networks joined by the TCP/IP protocols. | ARPANET | |
| 1983 | MIDI | A standard for connecting electronic instruments. | ||
| 1983 | DNS | The Domain Name System (Mockapetris). | ||
| 1988 | IRC | A chat protocol (Oikarinen). | Mensajería instantánea | |
| 1989 | World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau | A system of linked hypertext documents on top of the Internet. | Acelerador de partículas | |
| 1990 | Navegador web Tim Berners-Lee | A program for viewing web pages. | ||
| 1991 | HTML Tim Berners-Lee | The markup language of web pages (Berners-Lee). | ||
| 1991 | HTTP Tim Berners-Lee | The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. | ||
| 1992 | SMS | Short text messages. | Mensajería instantánea | |
| 1994 | Smartphone | A mobile phone with the functions of a computer. This is a typical modern smartphone as a class, not a specific model. | Computadora, Navegador GPS, Despertador | Tableta |
| 1994 | URL | The address of a resource on the network. | ||
| 1994 | Motor de búsqueda | Indexes the web and searches it by query. | ||
| 1994 | Comercio electrónico | Shopping over the Internet. | ||
| 1995 | DVD | An optical disc for video. | Grabadora de vídeo | |
| 1995 | TLS/HTTPS | Encryption of web traffic (SSL from Netscape). | ||
| 1995 | Wiki Уорд Каннингем | A website edited by its own readers (Cunningham). | ||
| 1995 | VoIP | Transmitting voice over the Internet (Skype, 2003). | Teléfono | |
| 1995 | CGI en el cine | A feature-length CGI film (Toy Story). | ||
| 1996 | Mensajería instantánea | Exchanging messages in real time (ICQ). | IRC, SMS | |
| 1996 | CSS | The styling language of web pages (Lie). | ||
| 1997 | Wi-Fi | The IEEE 802.11 wireless local network. | ||
| 1997 | Televisor de pantalla plana | A plasma or LCD television. | Televisor | Smart TV |
| 1997 | Blog | An online diary. | Periódico | |
| 1998 | Bluetooth Jaap Haartsen | Short-range wireless communication. | ||
| 1998 | Reproductor MP3 | A digital player built on flash memory or a disk. | Walkman | |
| 1998 | Televisión digital | Transmitting TV in compressed digital form (DVB). | Televisión | |
| 1999 | RSS | A format for subscribing to website updates. | ||
| 2001 | Wikipedia | A free encyclopedia running on a wiki engine. | Enciclopedia | |
| 2003 | Videollamada | Video communication over the Internet. | Teléfono | |
| 2004 | NFC | Near-field communication for contactless payment. | ||
| 2004 | Podcast | Audio shows by subscription (RSS). | Radiodifusión | |
| 2004 | Red social | An online platform for communication. | ||
| 2005 | Streaming | Transmitting audio and video over a network in real time. | ||
| 2005 | Plataforma de vídeo | Publishing videos (YouTube). | ||
| 2008 | Smart TV | A television with Internet access. | Televisor de pantalla plana | |
| 2010 | Altavoz portátil Edward Washburn Kellogg, Chester Williams Rice | A speaker with Bluetooth and a battery. | ||
| 2012 | Cursos en línea | Massive open online courses (MOOCs). | ||
| 2016 | Auriculares inalámbricos | In-ear headphones with Bluetooth. | Auriculares | |
| 2019 | Internet por satélite | Constellations of low-orbit satellites. | ||
| Diafragma | A thin plate that vibrates with a sound wave. |