History of medical technology
123 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3000 a. C. | Catéter Michele Troja | A tube inserted into a body cavity. | ||
| 3000 a. C. | Bisturí | A surgical knife. | Cuchillo | |
| 3000 a. C. | Sutura quirúrgica | Stitching tissue with thread. | Grapadora quirúrgica | |
| 2800 a. C. | Muletas | Supports for walking. | Silla de ruedas | |
| 1500 a. C. | Vendaje | Dressing material. | Apósito adhesivo | |
| 1000 a. C. | Camilla | A means of carrying the wounded. | ||
| 950 a. C. | Prótesis | An artificial replacement for a limb; modern ones are bionic. | ||
| 700 a. C. | Dentadura postiza | Removable artificial teeth. | ||
| 100 a. C. | Fórceps quirúrgico | Tongs for grasping tissue. | Hemostato | |
| 1286 | Gafas | Lenses for correcting vision (Italy). | Lupa | Gafas de sol, Lente de contacto, Telescopio, Microscopio |
| 1286 | Montura de gafas | A holder for lenses. | ||
| 1655 | Silla de ruedas | A chair on wheels; the self-propelled one — Farffler. | Muletas | |
| 1718 | Torniquete | A means of stopping bleeding (Petit; Esmarch’s tourniquet). | ||
| 1796 | Vacuna Edward Jenner | Preventing a disease with a weakened pathogen (Jenner). | ||
| 1796 | Vacuna contra la viruela Edward Jenner | Vaccination with cowpox (Jenner). | ||
| 1806 | Endoscopio | Viewing internal organs; the flexible fibre-optic one dates from 1957. | ||
| 1816 | Estetoscopio René Laenne | An instrument for listening to the heart and lungs (Laennec). | ||
| 1818 | Transfusión de sangre | The first successful one — Blundell; blood groups — Landsteiner, 1901. | ||
| 1819 | Empaste dental | Amalgam, then composites. | ||
| 1831 | Goteo intravenoso | Intravenous infusion of solutions (Latta). | ||
| 1834 | Cápsula | A gelatin capsule (Mothes). | ||
| 1838 | Otoscopio | An instrument for examining the ear. | ||
| 1843 | Pastilla | A pressed dosage form (Brockedon). | ||
| 1846 | Anestesia general | Ether anaesthesia for surgery (Morton; Pirogov). | ||
| 1851 | Oftalmoscopio Hermann von Helmholtz | An instrument for examining the back of the eye (Helmholtz). | ||
| 1852 | Yeso (inmovilización) Antonius Mathijsen | Immobilizing fractures with plaster (Mathijsen, Pirogov). | ||
| 1853 | Jeringa | An instrument for injections (Wood, Pravaz). | ||
| 1858 | Nebulizador | A medication sprayer. | ||
| 1861 | Teoría de los gérmenes Germ theory's key 19th century figures, Louis Pasteur | Diseases are caused by microorganisms (Pasteur, Koch). | ||
| 1867 | Termómetro clínico | Allbutt’s thermometer for measuring body temperature. | Termómetro digital | |
| 1867 | Antisepsia | Disinfecting wounds and instruments (Lister). | Esterilización | |
| 1871 | Torno dental | A dentist’s drill (Morrison; the turbine drill in 1957). | ||
| 1879 | Autoclave Charles Chamberland | Sterilizing with steam under pressure (Chamberland). | ||
| 1880 | Hemostato | A clamp for blood vessels (Kocher, Péan). | Fórceps quirúrgico | |
| 1880 | Incubadora neonatal | An incubator for premature babies (Tarnier). | Incubadora | |
| 1880 | Esterilización | Killing microorganisms on instruments. | Antisepsia | |
| 1882 | Medio de cultivo | Agar for growing bacteria (Hesse, Koch). | ||
| 1884 | Tinción de Gram Hans Christian Gram | A method for telling bacteria apart. | ||
| 1884 | Anestesia local | Cocaine (Koller), then novocaine (1905). | ||
| 1885 | Vacuna antirrábica | Pasteur’s vaccine. | ||
| 1888 | Martillo de reflejos | A small hammer for testing reflexes. | ||
| 1888 | Botiquín | A first aid set (Johnson & Johnson). | ||
| 1890 | Anticuerpos | Proteins of the immune system (Behring, Ehrlich). | ||
| 1890 | Guantes quirúrgicos | Rubber gloves (Halsted). | ||
| 1896 | Máquina de rayos X | Images of internal organs. | Tomógrafo | |
| 1896 | Esfigmomanómetro | Measuring blood pressure (Riva-Rocci; Korotkov’s method). | Manómetro | Tensiómetro digital |
| 1896 | Radiografía dental | Images of the teeth. | ||
| 1896 | Radioterapia | Treating tumours with radiation. | ||
| 1897 | Mascarilla quirúrgica | A surgeon’s mask (Mikulicz). | Respirador | |
| 1897 | Aspirina Raffaele Piria, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe | Acetylsalicylic acid (Hoffmann, Bayer). | ||
| 1898 | Audífono | An electronic sound amplifier for people with hearing loss. | Teléfono | |
| 1899 | Ambulancia | A vehicle for transporting patients. | Camión | |
| 1901 | Grupos sanguíneos Karl Landsteiner | The ABO system (Landsteiner). | ||
| 1903 | Electrocardiógrafo | Recording the electrical activity of the heart (Einthoven). | Galvanómetro | Holter monitor |
| 1908 | Grapadora quirúrgica | A device for joining tissue with staples (Hültl). | Sutura quirúrgica | |
| 1908 | Cloración del agua | Disinfecting drinking water with chlorine. | ||
| 1909 | Cama de hospital | An adjustable bed (Gatch). | ||
| 1910 | Respirador | A filtering mask (the anti-plague mask — Wu Lien-teh). | Mascarilla quirúrgica | Máscara de gas |
| 1910 | Laparoscopia | Operating through small punctures with a camera. | ||
| 1917 | Máquina de anestesia Otto Roth, Heinrich Dräger | Boyle’s machine for delivering gases. | ||
| 1917 | Ambulancia aérea | Evacuating patients by aeroplane and helicopter. | ||
| 1920 | Apósito adhesivo | A plaster with a gauze pad (Band-Aid, Dickson). | Vendaje | |
| 1921 | Microscopio quirúrgico | A microscope for microsurgery. | ||
| 1922 | Insulina | A hormone for treating diabetes (Banting, Best). | ||
| 1922 | Audiómetro | An instrument for testing hearing. | ||
| 1924 | Electroencefalógrafo | Recording the electrical activity of the brain (Berger). | ||
| 1928 | Respirador mecánico | Mechanical ventilation of the lungs (the “iron lung”). | ||
| 1928 | Antibiótico | Fleming’s penicillin and the drugs that followed. | ||
| 1928 | Penicilina Alexander Fleming | The first antibiotic (Fleming; production — Florey, Chain). | ||
| 1935 | Sulfonamidas | The first synthetic antibacterial drugs (Domagk). | Tinte sintético | |
| 1937 | Banco de sangre Charles Drew | Storing donor blood with an anticoagulant. | ||
| 1943 | Máquina de hemodiálisis Willem Johan Kolff | An artificial kidney (Kolff). | ||
| 1943 | Estreptomicina Albert Schatz | An antibiotic against tuberculosis (Waksman, Schatz). | ||
| 1947 | Desfibrilador | An electric shock to restore the heart’s rhythm. | Desfibrilador implantable | |
| 1949 | Lente de contacto | A lens worn on the cornea. | Gafas | |
| 1949 | Cirugía de cataratas | An artificial intraocular lens (Ridley). | ||
| 1950 | Cadena de frío | Keeping vaccines at low temperature. | ||
| 1950 | Electromiografía | Recording the electrical signals of muscles. | ||
| 1953 | Acelerador lineal médico | A linear accelerator for radiation therapy. | ||
| 1953 | Máquina de circulación extracorpórea | Takes over the heart and lungs during surgery (Gibbon; Bryukhonenko). | Corazón artificial | |
| 1954 | Trasplante de órganos | A kidney transplant (Murray). | ||
| 1955 | Vacuna contra la polio Jonas Salk | Salk; the live vaccine — Sabin, Chumakov. | ||
| 1956 | Inhalador | A metered-dose aerosol (Riker). | ||
| 1956 | Ecógrafo | Imaging organs by reflected ultrasound. | ||
| 1957 | Gammacámara | Scintigraphy of radioactive tracers (Anger). | ||
| 1958 | Marcapasos | An implanted pulse generator for the heart. | Desfibrilador implantable | |
| 1960 | Válvula cardíaca artificial | A mechanical valve (Starr–Edwards). | ||
| 1960 | Reanimación cardiopulmonar | Chest compressions and rescue breathing (Kouwenhoven, Safar). | ||
| 1960 | Telemedicina | Medical care at a distance. | ||
| 1962 | Holter monitor Norman Holter | Recording an ECG over 24 hours (Holter). | Electrocardiógrafo | |
| 1962 | Prótesis articular | An artificial hip joint (Charnley). | ||
| 1963 | Cirugía láser | Operations with a laser beam (vision correction). | ||
| 1966 | Mamógrafo | X-ray imaging of the breast. | ||
| 1968 | Gamma Knife | Radiosurgery with beams of gamma rays (Leksell). | ||
| 1970 | Glucómetro | Measuring blood sugar. | Monitoreo continuo de glucosa | |
| 1970 | Concentrador de oxígeno | A device that extracts oxygen from the air. | ||
| 1970 | Termómetro digital | A thermometer with a thermistor. | Termómetro clínico | |
| 1971 | Tomógrafo | Slice-by-slice X-ray images assembled by a computer (Hounsfield). | Máquina de rayos X | |
| 1973 | ADN recombinante | Genetic engineering (Cohen, Boyer). | CRISPR | |
| 1974 | Pulsioxímetro | Measures blood oxygen saturation with light (Aoyagi). | ||
| 1975 | Escáner PET | Positron emission tomography. | ||
| 1976 | Bomba de insulina | A wearable insulin dispenser. | ||
| 1977 | Secuenciación de ADN | Reading the sequence of DNA (Sanger). | ||
| 1977 | Prueba de embarazo | An immunochromatographic strip. | Prueba rápida | |
| 1977 | MRI | Imaging based on nuclear magnetic resonance. | ||
| 1977 | Angioplastia | Widening a vessel with a balloon (Grüntzig). | ||
| 1978 | Implante coclear William F. House | Electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve. | ||
| 1980 | Desfibrilador implantable | A cardioverter under the skin (Mirowski). | Desfibrilador, Marcapasos | |
| 1980 | Litotricia | Breaking up stones with shock waves. | ||
| 1981 | Tensiómetro digital | An automatic oscillometric monitor. | Esfigmomanómetro | |
| 1982 | Corazón artificial | A mechanical pump instead of the heart (Jarvik-7). | Máquina de circulación extracorpórea | |
| 1983 | PCR | The polymerase chain reaction — copying DNA (Mullis). | ||
| 1986 | Stent | A mesh frame that widens a blood vessel. | ||
| 1988 | Prueba rápida | An antigen strip — the same principle as a pregnancy test. | Prueba de embarazo | |
| 1998 | Interfaz cerebro-computadora | Controlling devices with brain signals. | ||
| 1999 | Monitoreo continuo de glucosa | A wearable sugar sensor. | Glucómetro | |
| 2000 | Robot quirúrgico | A robotic manipulator for operations (da Vinci). | Robot industrial | |
| 2003 | Proyecto Genoma Humano | Reading the human genome. | ||
| 2007 | Mano biónica | A prosthesis with myoelectric control. | ||
| 2009 | Pulsera de actividad | A wearable activity and heart-rate sensor. | Smartwatch | |
| 2011 | Exoesqueleto | A wearable robot for walking (ReWalk). | ||
| 2012 | CRISPR | Genome editing (Doudna, Charpentier). | ADN recombinante | |
| 2020 | Vacuna de ARNm Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman | A vaccine that delivers instructions for making an antigen. |