History of electricity
82 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
Cómo se conectan los inventos
- Pila voltaica → Batería de plomo-ácido → Batería de iones de litio → Batería de estado sólido
- Pila voltaica → Pila seca → Pila alcalina
- Tubo de vacío → Diodo → Triodo
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1745 | Condensador Ewald Georg von Kleist, Питер ван Мушенбрук | Stores electric charge. | Botella de Leyden | |
| 1745 | Botella de Leyden Ewald Georg von Kleist | The first capacitor. | Condensador | |
| 1800 | Pila voltaica | The first chemical source of direct current. | Batería de plomo-ácido, Pila seca, Electrólisis | |
| 1802 | Lámpara de arco | Light from an electric arc between carbons (Petrov, Davy, c. 1802); the “Yablochkov candle” (1876) made it street lighting. | ||
| 1820 | Cable de cobre | A conductor made of copper. | ||
| 1824 | Electroimán William Sturgeon | A core with a winding that is magnetized by current (Sturgeon). | ||
| 1831 | Inductor Michael Faraday | A wire wound into a coil; stores energy in a magnetic field. | ||
| 1834 | Motor eléctrico | A machine that turns electrical energy into rotation. Moritz von Jacobi built a practical motor. | ||
| 1835 | Relé | A switch operated by an electromagnet (Henry). | Controlador lógico programable | |
| 1840 | Aislante | A non-conducting part that holds a wire. | ||
| 1841 | Potenciómetro Johann Christian Poggendorff | A variable resistor with a sliding contact. | ||
| 1843 | Reóstato Johann Christian Poggendorff | A resistor with a slider: move the slider and the resistance and current in the circuit change. | ||
| 1850 | Resistencia | A component with a set resistance. | ||
| 1859 | Batería de plomo-ácido | The first rechargeable battery (Gaston Planté). | Pila voltaica | Batería de iones de litio |
| 1866 | Generador eléctrico | A machine that turns rotation into electric current. | ||
| 1873 | Fotorresistencia | A light-sensitive resistor (selenium, Smith). | ||
| 1874 | Rectificador | Converts alternating current into direct current. | ||
| 1879 | Bombilla incandescente Thomas Edison, Joseph Swan | Light from a filament heated by current. Lodygin, Swan and Edison worked on it. | Lámpara de aceite, Lámpara de gas | Lámpara LED |
| 1879 | Sensor Hall | Measures a magnetic field using the Hall effect; the compass in a smartphone. | ||
| 1882 | Amperímetro | Measures electric current; it is connected in series. | Galvanómetro | Multímetro |
| 1882 | Voltímetro | Measures the voltage between two points of a circuit; it is connected in parallel. | Galvanómetro | Multímetro |
| 1885 | Transformador Michael Faraday | Converts the voltage of alternating current (Yablochkov, Gaulard–Gibbs, ZBD). | ||
| 1886 | Pila seca | A battery with a paste electrolyte (Gassner). | Pila voltaica | Pila alcalina |
| 1888 | Motor de inducción Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky | A motor with a rotating magnetic field (Tesla, Dolivo-Dobrovolsky). | ||
| 1889 | Contador eléctrico | A device for metering electricity. | Contador inteligente | |
| 1889 | Sistema trifásico Nikola Tesla, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky | A system of three currents shifted in phase (Dolivo-Dobrovolsky). | ||
| 1890 | Motor en buje | An electric motor built into a wheel hub. | ||
| 1890 | Fusible | A conductor that burns out when the current is too high. | ||
| 1891 | Bobina de Tesla Nikola Tesla | A resonant high-voltage transformer. | ||
| 1896 | Condensador electrolítico Karol Pollak | A high-capacitance capacitor with an oxide layer (Pollak). | ||
| 1897 | Tubo de rayos catódicos | A picture tube in which an electron beam draws the image (Braun). | Electrón | |
| 1904 | Tubo de vacío | A device that controls a flow of electrons in a vacuum; the basis of the first computers. | Transistor, Diodo | |
| 1904 | Diodo Jagadish Chandra Bose | Lets current pass in one direction. | Tubo de vacío | Triodo, Tiristor |
| 1906 | Amplificador | Increases the power of a signal. | ||
| 1906 | Triodo Lee de Forest, Robert von Lieben | A tube with an amplifying grid (Lee de Forest). | Diodo | |
| 1910 | Letrero de neón | A gas-discharge tube (Claude). | ||
| 1912 | Oscilador | A circuit that produces a periodic signal. | ||
| 1920 | Multímetro | Measures voltage, current and resistance. | Galvanómetro, Voltímetro, Amperímetro | |
| 1921 | Soldador | An electric tool for soldering (Ersa). | ||
| 1924 | Interruptor automático | Cuts off the circuit when it is overloaded. | ||
| 1925 | Inversor | Converts direct current into alternating current. | ||
| 1927 | Reloj de cuarzo | A clock paced by the vibrations of a quartz crystal. | Reloj de péndulo, Reloj mecánico | Reloj atómico |
| 1930 | Termistor Michael Faraday | A resistor whose resistance depends on temperature. | ||
| 1930 | Varistor | A resistor that protects against voltage surges. | ||
| 1936 | Placa de circuito impreso | A board with conductors laid on an insulator (Eisler). | ||
| 1938 | Lámpara fluorescente | A gas-discharge lamp with a phosphor. | ||
| 1940 | Servomotor | A motor with position feedback. | ||
| 1940 | Magnetrón University of Birmingham | A microwave generator; the key part of radars and microwave ovens. | ||
| 1940 | Condensador cerámico | A capacitor with a ceramic dielectric. | ||
| 1941 | Amplificador operacional | A general-purpose differential amplifier. | ||
| 1947 | Transistor | A semiconductor device for amplifying and switching signals. | Tubo de vacío | |
| 1947 | Transistor de contacto puntual | Bardeen and Brattain’s first transistor. | Transistor bipolar | |
| 1948 | Transistor bipolar | A transistor with two p–n junctions (Shockley). | Transistor de contacto puntual | |
| 1950 | Fotodiodo | A diode that turns light into current. | ||
| 1950 | Convertidor analógico-digital | Turns an analogue signal into numbers. | ||
| 1950 | Disipador de calor | A metal heat spreader with fins. | ||
| 1950 | Diodo Zener | A diode for stabilizing voltage (the Zener effect). | ||
| 1956 | Tiristor | A controllable high-power semiconductor switch. | Diodo | |
| 1957 | Supercondensador | A capacitor of huge capacitance for storing energy quickly. | ||
| 1959 | MOSFET Martin “John” M. Atalla, Dawon Kahng | A field-effect transistor with an insulated gate (Atalla, Kahng). | ||
| 1959 | Pila alcalina | A zinc–manganese cell with an alkaline electrolyte (Urry). | Pila seca | |
| 1959 | Lámpara halógena | An incandescent lamp with a halogen cycle. | ||
| 1960 | Fuente de alimentación | Converts mains voltage for electronics. | ||
| 1960 | Sistema de alimentación ininterrumpida | Battery power when the mains fails. | ||
| 1960 | Montaje superficial | Mounting components on the surface of the board. | ||
| 1962 | LED H. J. Round, Oleg Losev | A semiconductor diode that emits light (Holonyak; Losev observed it in the 1920s). | ||
| 1962 | Diodo láser | A semiconductor laser. | ||
| 1970 | Fuente conmutada | A compact power supply based on high-frequency conversion. | ||
| 1971 | Placa de pruebas | A board for building circuits without soldering. | ||
| 1980 | Soldadura por reflujo | Soldering with solder paste in an oven. | ||
| 1982 | IGBT | A power transistor for inverters and electric drives. | ||
| 1989 | Batería de níquel-hidruro | A rechargeable cell; used in the first hybrids. | ||
| 1990 | Motor de vibración | A tiny electric motor with an eccentric weight that vibrates as it spins. | ||
| 1991 | Batería de iones de litio | A rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move between the electrodes. | Batería de plomo-ácido | Batería de estado sólido |
| 1993 | LED azul H. J. Round, Oleg Losev | A gallium nitride LED (Nakamura) that opened the way to white light. | ||
| 2001 | Batería externa | A portable battery for charging gadgets. | ||
| 2008 | Carga inalámbrica | Charging by induction (the Qi standard). | ||
| 2020 | Batería de estado sólido | A lithium battery with a solid electrolyte (in development). | Batería de iones de litio | |
| Electrolito | The medium through which ions move between the electrodes. | |||
| Ánodo | The electrode that lithium ions enter during charging. | |||
| Cátodo | The electrode that supplies lithium ions, e.g. LiCoO₂. | |||
| Separador | A porous film that keeps the electrodes from shorting. |