History of mechanics and machines
100 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
Cómo se conectan los inventos
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3300000 a. C. | Herramienta de piedra | The oldest tools, made of knapped stone. | Aguja, Hoz, Martillo, Cuchillo | |
| 2500000 a. C. | Cuchillo | A blade with a handle; the oldest cutting tool. | Herramienta de piedra | Bisturí |
| 1760000 a. C. | Bifaz | A bifacially worked stone tool of the Acheulean culture. | Hacha | |
| 30000 a. C. | Martillo | A striking tool. | Herramienta de piedra | Martinete, Martillo pilón |
| 28000 a. C. | Cuerda | Twisted fibres that work in tension. | Cable de acero, Cuerda de escalada | |
| 8000 a. C. | Taladro de arco | A drill turned by a bowstring; also used to make fire. | Taladro eléctrico | |
| 6000 a. C. | Hacha | A wedge-shaped blade on a haft for chopping wood. | Bifaz | |
| 3500 a. C. | Rueda | A disc that turns on an axle; one of the oldest inventions for moving loads. | ||
| 3500 a. C. | Eje | A rod on which a wheel turns. | ||
| 3000 a. C. | Sierra | A tool with a toothed blade. | Motosierra | |
| 3000 a. C. | Cincel | A tool for removing material by striking or pushing. | ||
| 1500 a. C. | Alicates | Two lever jaws on a pivot. | ||
| 1300 a. C. | Torno | A machine that shapes a rotating workpiece with a cutting tool. | Torno de roscar | |
| 1200 a. C. | Lima | A steel bar with cut teeth for filing. | ||
| 800 a. C. | Polea | A grooved wheel for a rope; changes the direction of force. | ||
| 700 a. C. | Cerradura y llave | A mechanical locking device. | Cerradura inteligente | |
| 700 a. C. | Cerradura de tambor de pines | Pins lined up by a key; the idea dates back to Egypt, the modern one to Yale, 1861. | ||
| 500 a. C. | Torno de cuerda | A drum with a handle for winding rope. | ||
| 500 a. C. | Candado | A portable lock with a shackle. | ||
| 300 a. C. | Engranaje | A toothed wheel that transmits rotation and changes speed and torque. | ||
| 250 a. C. | Válvula | A device that lets flow pass in one direction or shuts it off. | ||
| 250 a. C. | Bomba de pistón | Ctesibius’s pump: a piston draws in and pushes out liquid. | Máquina de vapor de Watt, Bomba de vacío | |
| 250 a. C. | Tornillo | A simple machine: an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder; turns rotation into linear motion. | Plano inclinado | Rosca |
| 250 a. C. | Válvula de retención | A valve that lets flow pass in one direction only. | ||
| 250 a. C. | Rosca | A helical ridge on a rod or in a hole. | Tornillo | |
| 250 a. C. | Cilindro | A hollow chamber in which a piston moves. | ||
| 250 a. C. | Barrena | A screw conveyor for loose and viscous materials. | Tornillo de Arquímedes | |
| 250 a. C. | Polipasto | A system of pulleys that multiplies force. | ||
| 200 a. C. | Leva | A projection on a shaft that turns rotation into pushes. | ||
| 200 a. C. | Martinete | A hammer lifted by a cam on a water wheel. | Martillo | Martillo pilón |
| 200 a. C. | Tornillo sin fin | A screw-like worm turns a gear wheel at a right angle. | ||
| 100 a. C. | Transmisión por correa | Transmitting rotation by a belt between pulleys. | ||
| 100 a. C. | Prensa de tornillo | A press in which a screw produces the force; used to press grapes and olives. | ||
| 100 a. C. | Trinquete | A toothed wheel with a pawl — rotation in one direction. | ||
| 100 a. C. | Cremallera y piñón | A gear on a toothed rack: rotation ↔ linear motion. | ||
| 250 | Serrería de Hierápolis | The oldest known machine with a crank and connecting rod. | Aserradero | |
| 250 | Carro que señala al sur | A Chinese cart with a differential gear that keeps its figure pointing one way. | ||
| 850 | Cilindro con púas | A cylinder with pins — the carrier of the “program” of musical automata (described by the Banū Mūsā brothers). | Telar de Bouchon | |
| 1200 | Árbol de levas | A shaft with cams that drives valves or hammers. | ||
| 1200 | Aserradero | Mechanical sawing of logs. | Serrería de Hierápolis | |
| 1206 | Manivela | A lever on an axle that turns reciprocating motion into rotation and back. Described by al-Jazari. | Motor de arranque | |
| 1300 | Reloj mecánico | A clock with a weight or spring, an escapement and a gear train. | Reloj de agua | Reloj de péndulo, Reloj de cuarzo |
| 1300 | Escape (relojería) | A mechanism that releases the stored energy in small portions and sets the pace of a clock. | ||
| 1400 | Resorte | An elastic element that stores mechanical energy. | ||
| 1400 | Volante de reloj | An oscillating wheel with a hairspring — the “pendulum” of portable timepieces. | ||
| 1400 | Perno y tuerca | A threaded fastening. | ||
| 1430 | Resorte motor | A spiral spring that stores a clock’s winding energy. | ||
| 1500 | Destornillador | A tool for driving screws. | ||
| 1500 | Tornillo de banco | A clamping device with a screw. | ||
| 1510 | Reloj de bolsillo | A portable spring-driven watch; early examples are linked to Peter Henlein. | Cronómetro marino, Reloj de pulsera | |
| 1545 | Junta universal | A joint that transmits rotation between shafts at an angle (Cardano, Hooke). | Junta homocinética | |
| 1650 | Bomba contra incendios | A hand-operated piston pump for fighting fires. | Camión de bomberos | |
| 1657 | Escape de áncora | An escapement with an anchor that made clocks more accurate. | ||
| 1679 | Válvula de seguridad | Releases excess pressure (Papin). | ||
| 1689 | Bomba centrífuga | A pump in which liquid is accelerated by a spinning wheel. | ||
| 1689 | Impulsor | The rotating bladed wheel of a pump or compressor. | ||
| 1700 | Organillo | A mechanical organ with a pinned cylinder. | Pianola | |
| 1738 | Autómata | A mechanical figure that performs set movements; Vaucanson’s automata. | Telar Jacquard | |
| 1760 | Revolución Industrial | The shift to machine production. | ||
| 1771 | Fábrica | Production with machines under one roof (Cromford). | ||
| 1781 | Engranaje planetario | Planet gears around a central sun gear; Watt used a “sun and planet” gear. | ||
| 1785 | Elevador de cangilones | Buckets on a belt or chain lift bulk goods (Evans). | ||
| 1795 | Cilindro hidráulico | A piston in a cylinder moved by pressurized liquid. | ||
| 1795 | Cinta transportadora | An endless belt on rollers for moving goods. | ||
| 1795 | Prensa hidráulica | Bramah’s press: a small force on a small piston gives a large one on a large piston. | ||
| 1796 | Caja de música | A pinned cylinder plucks a comb and plays a tune. | ||
| 1800 | Piezas intercambiables | Parts of one type are identical and fit any product. | ||
| 1800 | Husillo | A screw that moves a machine’s carriage precisely. | ||
| 1800 | Torno de roscar | A lathe with a lead screw (Maudslay) for cutting precise threads. | Torno | |
| 1818 | Fresadora | A machine in which a rotating cutter removes material. | Máquina CNC | |
| 1830 | Rectificadora | Machining with an abrasive wheel. | ||
| 1840 | Llave inglesa | A tool for turning nuts. | ||
| 1850 | Compresor | A machine that compresses gas. | ||
| 1850 | Gato (elevador) | A device for lifting heavy loads a short height (screw or hydraulic). | ||
| 1860 | Taladro de columna | A machine for drilling holes. | ||
| 1861 | Perforadora de roca | Pneumatic drilling of rock (Sommeiller). | Martillo neumático | |
| 1868 | Reloj de pulsera | A watch worn on a bracelet. | Reloj de bolsillo | Smartwatch |
| 1869 | Rodamiento de bolas | A bearing in which sliding friction is replaced by rolling balls. Jules Suriray’s 1869 patent was for the bicycle. | ||
| 1871 | Martillo neumático Charles Brady King | A percussion tool driven by compressed air. | Perforadora de roca | |
| 1876 | Grúa puente | A crane on a beam in a workshop. | ||
| 1880 | Cadena de rodillos | A chain of links with rollers; Hans Renold patented the modern design. | ||
| 1880 | Piñón | A toothed wheel that engages a chain or a track. | ||
| 1880 | Transmisión por cadena | Transmitting rotation between shafts by an endless chain looped around sprockets. | ||
| 1883 | Máquina expendedora | A machine that dispenses goods for a coin; Heron had a prototype. | Eolípila de Herón | Parquímetro |
| 1895 | Taladro eléctrico | An electric tool for drilling (Wilhelm Fein, 1895). | Taladro de arco | |
| 1896 | Cruz de Malta (mecanismo) | Turns continuous rotation into intermittent motion; advances the film. | ||
| 1913 | Línea de montaje | Flow production in which the product moves between workstations (Ford). | Manufactura esbelta | |
| 1917 | Carretilla elevadora | A lift truck with forks. | Robot de almacén | |
| 1924 | Control estadístico de calidad | Shewhart’s control charts. | ||
| 1925 | Palé | A platform for stacking goods. | ||
| 1926 | Motosierra | A saw with a cutting chain and an engine. | Sierra | |
| 1947 | Automatización industrial | Controlling processes without people. | ||
| 1950 | Manufactura esbelta | The Toyota Production System. | Línea de montaje | |
| 1952 | Máquina CNC | A machine tool controlled by a program. | Fresadora | |
| 1961 | Robot industrial | A programmable manipulator; the first was Unimate at a GM plant. | Robot quirúrgico | |
| 1984 | Impresora 3D | Building objects layer by layer (Hull). | ||
| 2003 | Robot de almacén | Robots that carry shelving units (Kiva). | Carretilla elevadora | |
| Volante de inercia | A heavy wheel that smooths out uneven rotation. | |||
| Eje | A rotating rod that transmits torque. | |||
| Reductor | A gear train that lowers speed and raises torque. |