History of chemical technology
83 inventos por año: de qué evolucionó cada uno y a qué llevó.
| Año | Invento | Qué es | Evolucionó de | Llevó a |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200000 a. C. | Adhesivo | A substance that joins surfaces. | ||
| 40000 a. C. | Pintura | A pigment in a binder. | Esmalte de uñas | |
| 7000 a. C. | Cal | The product of burning limestone; the basis of ancient mortars. | ||
| 7000 a. C. | Etanol | Alcohol produced by fermentation; a fuel and a solvent. | ||
| 7000 a. C. | Curtido | Treating hides with tanning agents. | ||
| 4000 a. C. | Tinte | A substance for colouring fabrics. | ||
| 4000 a. C. | Índigo | A blue dye; synthesized by Baeyer in 1880. | Tinte sintético | |
| 4000 a. C. | Cosmética | Products for care and make-up. | ||
| 2800 a. C. | Jabón | Salts of fatty acids used for cleaning. | Detergente sintético | |
| 800 | Fuegos artificiales | Pyrotechnics based on gunpowder. | Cohete | |
| 800 | Ácido sulfúrico | The most important product of the chemical industry. | ||
| 800 | Destilación Zosimos of Panopolis | Separating liquids by their boiling points. | ||
| 800 | Alambique | An apparatus for distillation (Jabir). | ||
| 850 | Pólvora Berthold Schwarz | A mixture of saltpetre, sulfur and charcoal. | Dinamita, Pólvora sin humo | |
| 1300 | Papel de tornasol | An acidity indicator. | Medidor de pH | |
| 1370 | Perfume | A solution of aromatic substances in alcohol. | ||
| 1540 | Éter dietílico | The first general anaesthetic. | ||
| 1727 | Haluro de plata | A light-sensitive silver compound. | ||
| 1727 | Reacción fotoquímica | A chemical change caused by light. | ||
| 1766 | Hidrógeno Henry Cavendish, Mikhail Lomonosov | A light gas; it filled airships and fuels rockets. | ||
| 1771 | Condensador de Liebig | A water-cooled tube for condensing vapour. | ||
| 1772 | Nitrógeno Daniel Rutherford | The main gas of the atmosphere. | ||
| 1774 | Oxígeno Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley | The gas that supports combustion (Priestley, Scheele). | ||
| 1774 | Amoníaco Joseph Priestley | The basis of nitrogen fertilizers and a refrigerant. | ||
| 1774 | Cloro Carl Wilhelm Scheele | A gas for disinfecting water and making PVC. | ||
| 1777 | Oxidación | A reaction with oxygen or a loss of electrons (Lavoisier). | ||
| 1789 | Lejía | Hypochlorite (eau de Javel, Berthollet). | ||
| 1791 | Sosa | A raw material for glass and soap (the Leblanc and Solvay processes). | ||
| 1791 | Bureta | A graduated tube for titration. | ||
| 1800 | Electrólisis | Decomposing a substance with an electric current (Nicholson, Carlisle). | Pila voltaica | |
| 1800 | Planta química | Industrial synthesis of substances. | ||
| 1801 | Producción de azúcar | Making sugar from beet (Achard). | ||
| 1830 | Destilación fraccionada | Multi-stage distillation in a column. | ||
| 1831 | Cloroformo | A 19th-century anaesthetic. | ||
| 1834 | Refrigerante | A low-boiling working fluid of a refrigerator. | ||
| 1835 | Catálisis Jöns Jacob Berzelius | Speeding up a chemical reaction with a catalyst. | ||
| 1836 | Acetileno | A flammable gas made from calcium carbide. | ||
| 1838 | Celulosa Anselme Payen | The polymer of plant fibres; the basis of paper. | ||
| 1846 | Queroseno | A middle fraction of crude oil — fuel for lamps and jet engines. | ||
| 1847 | Nitroglicerina Ascanio Sobrero | A powerful explosive (Sobrero); also a medicine. | ||
| 1855 | Limpieza en seco | Cleaning with solvents instead of water (Jolly). | ||
| 1856 | Tinte sintético William Henry Perkin | Perkin’s aniline mauveine. | Índigo | Sulfonamidas |
| 1859 | Petróleo crudo | A natural mixture of hydrocarbons; industrial extraction since the 1850s. | ||
| 1859 | Refinación de petróleo | Separating and processing crude oil into fractions. | ||
| 1860 | Gasolina | A light fraction of crude oil — fuel for combustion engines. | ||
| 1863 | TNT | Trinitrotoluene (Wilbrand). | ||
| 1867 | Dinamita Alfred Nobel | An explosive based on nitroglycerin (Nobel). | Pólvora | |
| 1868 | Helio Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer | An inert light gas. | ||
| 1870 | Celuloide | An early nitrocellulose plastic; the basis of cinema film. | ||
| 1872 | Moldeo por inyección | Shaping plastic by injecting it into a mould. | ||
| 1883 | Nitrógeno líquido | Nitrogen at −196 °C (Wróblewski, Olszewski). | ||
| 1884 | Pólvora sin humo | Nitrocellulose powder (Vieille). | Pólvora | |
| 1886 | Proceso Hall-Héroult | Producing aluminium by electrolysis of molten alumina. | ||
| 1886 | Fluoruro | An element that strengthens enamel. | ||
| 1891 | Craqueo del petróleo | Breaking down heavy hydrocarbons (Shukhov, Burton). | ||
| 1897 | Hidrogenación Paul Sabatier | Adding hydrogen over a nickel catalyst (Sabatier). | ||
| 1900 | Carbón activado | Porous carbon that absorbs impurities. | ||
| 1902 | Separación de aire | Producing oxygen and nitrogen by liquefaction (Linde). | ||
| 1903 | Cromatografía | Separating mixtures (Tsvet). | ||
| 1904 | Campana extractora | A laboratory extraction cabinet. | ||
| 1905 | Permanente | Rizos que duran meses: en 1905 Karl Nessler calentaba con electricidad el pelo enrollado en varillas; desde finales de los años 1930 la… | Rizador de pelo | |
| 1907 | Plástico | A synthetic mouldable material. | ||
| 1907 | Baquelita Leo Baekeland | The first fully synthetic plastic (Baekeland). | ||
| 1908 | Celofán Jacques E. Brandenberger | A transparent film made of cellulose (Brandenberger). | ||
| 1909 | Proceso Haber-Bosch Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch | Synthesizing ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen under pressure over a catalyst. | ||
| 1916 | Detergente sintético | Cleaning agents based on surfactants. | Jabón | |
| 1920 | Esmalte de uñas | Laca de color de secado rápido a base de nitrocelulosa, creada en los años 1920 a partir de la pintura de secado rápido para coches. | Pintura | |
| 1926 | PVC | A plastic for pipes, cables and records. | ||
| 1926 | Reformado con vapor | Producing hydrogen from natural gas. | ||
| 1930 | Neoprene | DuPont’s synthetic rubber. | ||
| 1931 | Caucho sintético Wallace Carothers | Rubber made from butadiene (Lebedev, 1910; industrially in 1931). | ||
| 1933 | Polietileno | The most widely used plastic (ICI). | ||
| 1934 | Medidor de pH | An electronic acidity meter (Beckman). | Papel de tornasol | |
| 1938 | Teflon | Low-friction polytetrafluoroethylene (Plunkett). | ||
| 1941 | PET | Polyethylene terephthalate — bottles and fibre. | ||
| 1948 | Laca para el cabello | Una solución de polímero en un aerosol: al rociarla se seca en una película fina que fija el peinado. A la venta desde 1948. | ||
| 1970 | Superabsorbente | A polymer that absorbs hundreds of times its weight in water. | ||
| Combustión | Rapid oxidation that releases heat and light. | |||
| Reacción química | The transformation of substances by rearranging bonds. | |||
| Carbono Antoine Lavoisier | The element of organic matter; graphite, diamond, coal. | |||
| Fermentación | The conversion of sugars by microorganisms. | |||
| Corrosión | The destruction of metals by oxidation. | |||
| Surfactante | A substance that lowers surface tension. |